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| Until the 20th century, most formal Chinese writing was done
in Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese (文言 wényán), which was very
different from any spoken variety of Chinese, much as Classical Latin
differs from modern Romance languages. Since the May Fourth Movement of
1919, the formal standard for written Chinese was changed to Vernacular
Chinese (白話/白话 báihuà), which, while not completely identical to
the grammar and vocabulary of dialects of Mandarin, was based mostly on
them. The term standard written Chinese now refers to Vernacular Chinese. Chinese characters represent morphemes or part of a morpheme independent of phonetic change. For example, although the number "one" is yi in Mandarin, yat in Cantonese and tsit in Hokkien (form of Min), they derive from a common ancient Chinese word and can be written with an identical character ("一"). Nevertheless, the orthographies of Chinese dialect groups are not completely identical, and their vocabularies have diverged. In addition, while colloquial vocabularies are often different they also share vocabulary that is derived from the Classical written language . Colloquial non-standard written Chinese usually involves "dialectal characters" which are not used in other dialects or characters that are considered archaic in standard written Chinese. |